Morganella sp. infection in scent gland of corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) - case report / Infecção por Morganella sp. em glândula de cheiro de corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) - relato de caso

The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a non-venomous snake from the Colubridae family. The pair of scent glands is indispensable in the physiology of reproduction and defense of the species. This structure is located caudal to the cloaca. It is responsible for releasing a thick material based on lipids containing pheromones that perform functions associated with animal behavior and survival. This work aims to report infection by Morganella sp. in a scent gland in a female corn snake, evidencing the diagnosis and treatment. An increase in volume was seen in the final third, proximal to the cloaca, firm consistency, immobile, and approximately 4 cm long and painful to touch. Samples of the material were collected for bacterial culture and antibiogram examination, being positive for bacteria of the genus Morganella. Based on the result of the antibiogram, it was possible to determine the most appropriate therapeutic protocol, with the referral to perform the surgical procedure to remove the tissue compromised by the infection, remaining stable until the removal of the stitches 40 days after the procedure, with total surgical wound healing.(AU)

A corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) é uma serpente não peçonhenta, da família Colubridae. Na fisiologia da reprodução e defesa da espécie, o par de glândulas de cheiro é indispensável. Essa estrutura está localizada caudal à cloaca e é responsável pela liberação de um material espesso à base de lipídeos, contendo feromônios que exercem funções associadas ao comportamento animal e à sua sobrevivência. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar uma infecção por Morganella sp. em glândula de cheiro em uma fêmea de corn snake, evidenciando o diagnóstico e tratamento. Observou-se um aumento de volume no terço final, proximal a cloaca, de consistência firme, imóvel e com aproximadamente 4 cm de comprimento e sensibilidade dolorosa ao toque. Foram coletadas amostras do material para cultura bacteriana e exame de antibiograma, sendo positivo para bactérias do gênero Morganella. Com base no resultado do antibiograma, foi possível determinar o protocolo terapêutico mais adequado, como o encaminhamento para realização do procedimento cirúrgico para remoção do tecido comprometido pela infecção, se mantendo estável até a remoção dos pontos, 40 dias após o procedimento, com total cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica.(AU)

Pre-operative Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and Cephalosporin Non-susceptible Bacteria in Patients with Proximal Femoral Fractures / Colonização pré-operatória por Staphylococcus aureus e as bactérias não suscetíveis à cefalosporina, em pacientes com fratura proximal do fêmur

Abstract Objective To estimate the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and cephalosporin nonsusceptible bacteria colonization in patients with proximal femoral fracture during preoperative hospitalization. Methods Prevalence and incidence assessment in 63 hospitalized patients over 1 year. The median time of pretreatment hospitalization was 12 days. Samples were collected from the nostrils, groin skin and anal mucosa during the pretreatment hospitalization and were tested by the disc-diffusion technique. Results The hospital colonization incidence and the prevalence of positive results were 14.3 and 44.4% for S. aureus; 3.2 and 6.4% for meticillin-resistant S. aureus; 28.6 and 85.7% for meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; 28.6 and 61.9% for cefazolin nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae (KFNSE); and 20.6 and 28.6% for cefuroxime nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae (CXNSE). In addition, factors such as to the duration of the pretreatment hospitalization period, being non-walker before fracture, antimicrobial use, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 4 surgical risk, and previous hospitalization, were related to an increase in the incidence of hospital acquisition and prevalence of colonization by the evaluated strains. The prevalence of colonization by KFNSE was three times higher than by CXNSE on admission, and twice as high at the time of fracture treatment. Conclusion There was a high incidence of hospital colonization and prevalence of colonization by all strains studied, which may guide the indication of prophylactic measures for infection.

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a frequência da colonização por Staphylococcus aureus e as bactérias não suscetíveis à cefalosporina, em pacientes com fratura proximal do fêmur durante a internação pré-operatória. Métodos Avaliação da prevalência e incidência em 63 pacientes hospitalizados ao longo de um ano. O tempo médio de internação pré-tratamento foi de 12 dias. As amostras foram coletadas das narinas, pele da virilha e mucosa anal, durante a internação prévia ao tratamento e testadas pela técnica de disco-difusão. Resultados A incidência da colonização hospitalar e a prevalência de resultados positivos foram de 14,3% e 44,4% para Staphylococcus aureus; 3,2% e 6,4% para S. aureus resistente à meticilina; 28,6% e 85,7% para Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo resistente à meticilina; 28,6% e 61,9% para Enterobacteriaceae não suscetível à cefazolina (KFNSE); e 20,6% e 28,6% para Enterobacteriaceae não suscetível à cefuroxima (CXNSE). Além da duração do período de internação pré-tratamento, os pacientes não deambularam previamente à ocorrência da fratura e nem fizeram uso de antimicrobiano. Além disso, a duração do período de internação pré-tratamento cirúrgico, ser não-deambulador antes da fratura, uso de antimicrobianos, risco cirúrgico IV pela American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) e internação anterior, estiveram relacionados a um aumento na incidência de aquisição hospitalar e prevalência de colonização pelas cepas avaliadas. A prevalência de colonização pela KFNSE foi três vezes maior do que pela CXNSE na admissão e duas vezes maior no momento do tratamento da fratura. Conclusão Observou-se uma alta incidência da colonização hospitalar e prevalência da colonização por todas as cepas estudadas, o que pode orientar a indicação de medidas profiláticas contra a infecção.

Primeros aislados de Enterobacter cloacae complex co-productores de KPC y NDM en un hospital de segundo nivel en la Cuidad de Panamá / First isolates of Enterobacter cloacae complex co-producing KPC and NDM in a second level hospital in City of Panama

Resumen La aparición de Enterobacterales co-productores de dos o más carbapenemasas han despertado las alertas sanitarias en Latinoamérica. Las enterobacterias co-productoras de carbapenemasas KPC y NDM-1 son resistentes a casi todos los antibacterianos existentes. Panamá ha reportado la presencia de carbapenemasas KPC desde 2010 y NDM desde 2011; sin embargo, Enterobacterales con doble producción de carbapenemasas es un fenómeno reciente en nuestros hospitales. Presentamos los dos primeros aislados de Enterobacter cloacae complex co-productores de KPC y NDM, en un hospital de segundo nivel de la Ciudad de Panamá. El reforzamiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica en los hospitales permite realizar una detección oportuna de estas nuevas combinaciones de mecanismos de resistencia; para así, implementar medidas de prevención y control de brotes.

Abstract Enterobacterales co-producing carbapenemases have awakened health alerts in Latin America. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales harboring KPC and NDM-1 are resistant to almost all existing antibiotics. Panama reports KPC since 2010, and NDM since 2011, however, Enterobacterales with double carbapenemase production is new to our hospitals. We present the first two isolates of Enterobacter cloacae complex co-producing KPC and NDM, in a second level hospital in Panama City. Strengthening epidemiological surveillance systems in hospitals allows to carry out timely detection of these new combinations of resistance; to implement outbreak prevention and control measures.

Bacteriemia por Enterobacter cancerogenus en un paciente con trauma pélvico / Enterobacter cancerogenus bacteremia in a patient with pelvic trauma

Resumen Existen escasas comunicaciones de infecciones por Enterobacter cancerogenus. Aunque ha sido aislado en heridas contaminadas asociadas a traumas, también ha sido reportado como agente etiológico en una amplia variedad de otras infecciones, siendo infrecuente la presencia de bacteriemia. Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Chile de una bacteriemia causada por este microorganismo, en un varón de 28 años con una fractura de pelvis estable debido a un accidente de tránsito de alta energía. Tuvo una buena respuesta clínica al tratamiento con ertapenem.

Abstract There are few cases reports of Enterobacter cancerogenus infections. Although it has been isolated in contaminated wounds associated with trauma, it has also been reported as an etiological agent in a wide variety of other infections, with the presence of bacteremia being infrequent. We present the first case reported in Chile of a bacteremia caused by this agent, in a 28-year-old patient with a stable pelvic fracture due a high-energy traffic accident. He had a good clinical response to treatment with ertapenem.

ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido y factores de virulencia en Escherichia coli uropatógenas en asilos de ancianos en Lima, Perú / ß-lactamases and virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli in nursing homes in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Los asilos de ancianos son instituciones con una alta prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario ocasionado por Escherichia coli productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), con diversos factores de virulencia. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia del gen bla CTX-M y de ocho genes de virulencia en 35 E. coli uropatógenas productoras de BLEE provenientes de seis asilos en Perú, durante el 2018. El 57,1% (20/35) de las E. coli fueron portadores del gen bla CTX-M. Además, se obtuvo una frecuencia del 46% (15/35) y 37% (13/35) de hly-alfa y cnf-1, respectivamente; elevada presencia de los genes iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) y chuA (94%, 33/34) y una frecuencia del 46% (16/35) y del 91% (32/34) de los genes pap GII y nanA, respectivamente. Existe predominancia en la distribución del gen bla CTX-M, además de una alta frecuencia de exotoxinas que le confieren una ventaja competitiva para diseminarse hacia el torrente sanguíneo.

ABSTRACT Nursing homes are institutions with high prevalence of urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli with several virulence factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the bla CTX-M gene and eight virulence genes in 35 ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli from six nursing homes in Peru during 2018. Of the E. coli samples, 57.1% (20/35) were carriers of the bla CTX-M gene. Furthermore, we obtained frequencies of 46% (15/35) and 37% (13/35) for hly-alpha and cnf-1, respectively; we also found high presence of the iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) and chuA genes (94%, 33/34) as well as a frequency of 46% (16/35) and 91% (32/34) for the pap GII and nanA genes, respectively. The bla CTX-M gene is predominant and a high frequency of exotoxins gives it a competitive advantage for spreading into the bloodstream.

Detection of beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a veterinary hospital environment / Detecção de Enterobactérias produtoras de beta-lactamases em ambiente hospitalar veterinário

Due to the strong selective pressure resulting from the misuse of antibiotics, the natural process of bacterial resistance has been accelerated, leading to the increasingly constant appearance of multiresistant isolates. The high number of multi-resistant bacteria is a one health problem. Enterobacteriaceae are usually commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause infections, and the most important resistance characteristic among them is the production of ß-lactamases. This study aimed to identify ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae of types of TEM, SHV, and the CTX-Mgroups. To isolate the enterobacteria, swabs were collected by swiping objects that had contact with the patients and professionals, and the water of the hospital environment. Ten collections were carried out, yielding 306 samples, from which 118 enterobacteria were identified: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Serratiaspp., and Citrobacter spp. Isolates. The genes TEM and CTX-M, for the production of ß-lactamases, were detected in 12.7% of the 118 enterobacterial isolates. It is very important to know the bacterial population circulating in the veterinary hospital environment and its resistance to antimicrobials so that professionals can take appropriate measures to minimize the risks of transmission, especially from cages and consultation tables. In addition, the correct control of the microbiological quality of the supply water, as well as environmental cleaning procedures, are essential to prevent the transmission of these microorganisms.(AU)

Devido à grande pressão seletiva decorrente do uso indevido de antibióticos, tem se acelerado o processo natural de resistência das bactérias, levando ao aparecimento cada vez mais constante de isolados multirresistentes. O elevado número de bactérias multirresistentes identificadas é um problema da saúde única. As enterobactérias são bactérias geralmente comensais do trato gastrointestinal, entretanto podem causar infecções, e a característica de resistência mais importante entre elas é a produção de ß-lactamases. Buscando caracterizar melhor os microrganismos circulantes e potencialmente causadores de infecções em ambiente hospitalar veterinário, este estudo objetivou identificar as enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL do tipo TEM, SHV e os cinco grupos de CTX-M presentes em isolados circulantes em hospital veterinário. Foi realizada coleta de suabes de arrasto de objetos que entram em contato com os pacientes e com os profissionais que ali trabalham, bem como de água, para a identificação das enterobactérias. Foram realizadas 10 coletas, obtendo-se 306 amostras, dessas, 118 enterobactérias foram identificadas: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia e Citrobacter. Dentre as enterobactérias identificadas, alguns isolados possuíam genes para a produção de ß-lactamases, do tipo TEM e CTX-M. É de grande importância conhecer a população bacteriana circulante no ambiente hospitalar veterinário, e a sua resistência aos antimicrobianos, para que os profissionais possam tomar medidas apropriadas para minimizar os riscos de transmissão, principalmente a partir de gaiolas e mesas de atendimento. Além disso, o correto controle da qualidade microbiológica da água de abastecimento, bem como dos procedimentos de higienização do ambiente, são fundamentais para evitar a transmissão destes microrganismos.(AU)

Riesgo de infección en pacientes oncológicos colonizados por bacterias productoras de p-lactamasas de espectro extendido y enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas / Risk of infection in cancer patients colonized by extended expectrum p-lactamases and carbapenem producing Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes es un problema de salud pública que continúa creciendo a lo largo del mundo. Existe una población principalmente susceptible de ser colonizada y posteriormente infectarse, son los pacientes oncológicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes oncológicos y su relación con la infección con microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio retrospectivo y de carácter analítico entre el primero de enero de 2019 y el 30 de junio de 2020 en tres unidades hemato-oncológicas. RESULTADOS: Incluyó a 3.315 pacientes, de los cuales 217 (6,5%) se encontraban colonizados por microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC; de éstos, 106/217 (48,8%) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, en 29/106 (27,4%). De los infectados, 18/106 (17%) presentaron infección por el mismo microorganismo colonizador. La mucositis (p = 0,002), edad mayor a 65 años (p = 0,041), hipoalbuminemia (p < 0,01), neutropenia (p < 0,01) y la presencia dispositivos invasivos (p < 0,01) demostraron una relación con el desarrollo de infección. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia (OR 3,3, IC 1,5-7,1, p < 0,01), dispositivos invasivos (OR 5,8, IC 3.0-11,4, p < 0,01) y neutropenia (OR 4,1, IC 1,5-11,4, p < 0,01) predicen el desarrollo de infecciones.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem that continues to grow globally. There is a population that is mainly susceptible to being colonized and subsequently infected, and these are cancer patients. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer patients and their relationship with infection with ESBL and CPE producing microorganisms. METHODS: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 in three hematooncological units. RESULTS: We included 3315 patients of which 217 (6.5%) were colonized by microorganisms producing ESBL and CPE. Of these, 106/217 (48.8%) had at least one episode of infection. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae 29/106 (27.4%). Of those infected, 18/106 (17%) presented infection by the same colonizing microorganism. Mucositis (p = 0.002), age over 65 years (p = 0.041), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.01), neutropenia (p < 0.01) and the presence of invasive devices (p < 0.01) demonstrated a relationship with development of infection. The presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.1, P < 0.01), invasive devices (OR 5.8, CI 3.0-11.4, p < 0.01) and neutropenia (OR 4.1, CI 1.5-11.4, p < 0.01) predict the development of infections.

Risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children: a Meta analysis / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To systematically assess the risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine disc were searched to obtain the articles on risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children published up to May 31, 2021. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the Meta analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 13 articles were included, with 1 501 samples in total. The Meta analysis showed that indwelling gastric tube (OR=4.91), tracheal intubation (OR=5.03), central venous catheterization (OR=3.75), indwelling urinary catheterization (OR=4.11), mechanical ventilation (OR=3.09), history of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (OR=2.39), history of surgical operation (OR=3.22), previous use of third-generation cephalosporins (OR=2.62), previous use of carbapenem antibiotics (OR=3.82), previous use of glycopeptide antibiotics (OR=3.48), previous use of β-lactamase inhibitors (OR=2.87), previous use of antifungal drugs (OR=2.48), previous use of aminoglycoside antibiotics (OR=2.54), and Apgar score ≤7 at 1 minute after birth (OR=2.10) were risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Invasive operations, history of hospitalization in the intensive care unit, previous use of antibiotics such as carbapenem antibiotics, and Apgar score ≤7 at 1 minute after birth are risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children.

Caracterización clínica-microbiológica y factores de riesgo de las bacteriemias por enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en el hospital universitario / Clinical-microbiological characterization and risk factors of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria at the university hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo se asocian con alta morbi- mortalidad, siendo frecuentemente causadas por enterobacterias, y cuando éstas producen ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEEs), la morbi-mortalidad, duración internación y costos sanitarios son aún mayores. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los episodios de bacteriemia por enterobacterias en el Hospital Universitario en un período de 2 años. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, analítico, casos controles (1:1), con recolección de datos retrospectiva. Población: pacientes ≥18 años atendidos en el Hospital Universitario en período 01/01/2014 - 30/11/2015, con hemocultivo positivo por enterobacteria. Recolección datos clínicos-epidemiológicos: revisión registros médicos. Estudio microbiológico: Identificación y susceptibilidad - equipo automatizado Vitek® 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Sensibilidad a fosfomicina: disco-difusión (E. coli) y dilución en agar (resto de las enterobacterias). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disco-difusión. Aislamientos BLEE+ según Vitek: confirmación y caracterización de BLEE: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación. Investigación mecanismos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) qnrB y aac(6')-Ib-cr: PCR. Caracterización molecular enterobacterias BLEE más prevalentes: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) y Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Análisis casos y controles: I)Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE: Casos - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE(+). Controles - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE (-) sensible a cefalosporinas tercera generación. II) Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria: Casos - pacientes con mortalidad hospitalaria por cualquier causa. Controles ­ pacientes egresados vivos. Análisis estadístico: paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Análisis casos y controles: cálculo de odd ratios (OR) e intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Variables con p ≤0.05 en análisis univariado incluídas en análisis multivariado (regresión logística). Proyecto aprobado por Comité Ética del Hospital de Clínicas y financiado por ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, Fondo María Viña ­ 2016). RESULTADOS: Principales resultados microbiológicos: 174 episodios de bacteriemia y 178 enterobacterias recuperadas, con confirmación molecular de producción BLEE en 41 enterobacterias (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii. E. coli enterobacteria más recuperada (n=69), pero K. pneumoniae la enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente (56 aislamientos y 29/56 BLEE+), seguida de E. coli (7/69). Distribución de las enterobacterias BLEE+ según enzima detectada: CTX- M-15: 32 aislamientos, CTX-M-15 + CTX- M-14: 3 aislamientos, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Susceptibilidad enterobacterias BLEE: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomicina 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacina 85,4%, gentamicina 36,6%, tigeciclina 29,3%, piperacilina-tazobactam 26,8%, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol 19,5%, ciprofloxacina 12,2%. Detección de mecansimos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) en 33/41 aislamientos (80,5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 aislamientos, qnrB: 2 aislamientos, y aac(6')-Ib-cr + qnrB: 9 aislamientos. Detección de secuenciotipos "exitosos" en principales enterobacterias BLEE: E. coli ST 73 (1), ST 95(1) y ST 38 (2) y ST 258 en K. pneumoniae (12/29=41,4%). También detección ST 258 en un aislamiento de K. pneumoniae BLEE (-). Principales resultados clínicos ­ epidemiológicos: Se revisaron 98 registros médicos; 60 bacteriemias nosocomiales, 29 comunitarias, 8 asociadas a los cuidados de la salud, 1 sin dato. 41 BLEE(+) y 57 BLEE(-). 80 pacientes vivos al egreso, 17 fallecidos y 1 sin dato. Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE(+) (análisis multivariado) : presencia de dispositivo médico a permanencia previo (p 0,001, OR 55,2, IC 95%5,5-553) ) y bacteriemia no comunitaria (p 0,008 OR 17,4 IC95% 2,1-143). Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria (análisis multivariado): enfermedad hematooncológica o neoplásica (OR 4,687 IC95% 1,207-18,200) y score qPitt ≥2 (OR 10,332 IC95% 2,639-40,442). Antibioticoterapia empírica activa in vitro para la bacteriemia: 10/29(34,5%) en pacientes BLEE(+) y 36/40 BLEE(-) (90%). Se encontró asociación entre bacteriemia BLEE + y recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva (p<0,0001) ; siendo el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva 17 veces mayor en bacteriemias BLEE(+) respecto a BLEE(-). Se encontró que la mediana de la duración de la hospitalización a partir del episodio de bacteriemia es más prolongada en casos BLEE+ que en los controles BLEE- (22,5 versus 14 días, p=0,006). CONCLUSIONES: Enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente K. pneumoniae, y dentro de ella alta prevalencia del clon exitoso de alto riesgo ST 258. Predominio de CTX-M-15, y alta prevalencia (> 80%) de TMQR en aislamientos BLEE. Presencia de BLEE aumenta significativamente el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva. Necesidad de mantener vigilancia de perfiles de susceptibilidad y clones circulantes y considerar posibles factores de riesgo al momento se seleccionar antibioticoterapia empírica.

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, being frequently caused by Enterobacteriaceae, and when they produce extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL), morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs are even higher. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia episodes at the "Hospital de Clínicas", in a 2 years period. METHODS: Observational, analytical study, case-controls (1: 1), with retrospective data collection. Population: ≥18 years old patients attended at the "Hospital de Clínicas" between 01/01/2014 and 11/30/2015, with Enterobacteriaceae recovered from blood culture. Collection of clinical-epidemiological data: review of medical records. Microbiological study: identification and susceptibility: automated system Vitek® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Susceptibility to fosfomycin: disc-diffusion (E. coli) and agar dilution (others Enterobacterales). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disc-diffusion. ESBL (+) isolates according to Vitek: ESBL confirmation and characterization by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Investigation of transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) qnrB and aac (6 ')- Ib-cr: PCR. Molecular characterization of the most prevalent ESBL enterobacterales: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Case-control analysis: I) ESBL bacteremia risk factors: Cases - patients with bacteremia by an ESBL-producing enterobacteria. Controls - patients with third generation cephalosporin susceptible enterobacteria, not ESBL-producing. II) In-hospital mortality risk factors: Cases - patients with in-hospital mortality from any cause. Controls - patients discharged alive. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS Statistics 23 statistical package. Case-control analysis: calculation of odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Variables with p ≤0.05 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis (logistic regression). Project approved by the Hospital de Clinicas Ethics Committee and financed by ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, María Viña Fund - 2016). RESULTS: Main microbiological results: 174 bacteremia episodes and 178 enterobacterales recovered. ESBL production confirmated in 41 isolates (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii.E. coli was the most recovered enterobacteria (n = 69), but K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie (56 isolates and 29/56 ESBL +), followed by E. coli (7/69). Distribution of ESBL producing enterobacterales according to enzyme detected: CTX- M-15: 32 isolates, CTX-M-15 + CTX-M-14: 3 isoaltes, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Antibiotic susceptibility in ESBL producers: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomycin 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacin 85,4%, gentamicin 36,6%, tigecycline 29,3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 26,8%, trimethroprim sulfamethoxazole 19,5%, ciprofloxacin 12,2%. Detection of TMQR in 33/41 isolates (80.5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 isolates, qnrB: 2 isolates, and aac(6')Ib-cr + qnrb: 9 isolates. We detected "successful" sequence types within E. coli ESBL producing: ST 73 (1 isolate), ST 95 (1) and ST 38 (2) and a high prevalence of ST 258 among K. pneumoniae isolates (12/29 = 41.4%). ST 258 was also detected in one ESBL(-) K. pneumoniae isolate. Main clinical-epidemiological results: 98 medical records were reviewed; 60 bacteremia episodes were classified as nosomial, 29 as community acquired, 8 health care associated, and for one episode, data was insufficient for its classification. 41 were ESBL(+) and 57 ESBL(-). 80 patients alive at discharge, 17 deceased and 1 without data. Risk factors for ESBL bacteremia according to multivariate analysis were: use of medical device prior to hospitalization (OR = 50.226, 95% CI 4.367 - 577.721) and non-community bacteremia (OR 12.052, 95% CI 1.350-107.605). In-hospital mortality risk factors (multivariate analysis): hemato-oncological or neoplasic disease (OR 4,687 95% CI 1,207-18,200) and qPitt score ≥2 (OR 10,332 95% CI 2,639-40,442). The empirical antibiotic therapy was active according to the susceptibility test in 10/29 (34,5%) patients with ESBL (+) bacteremia and in 36/40 patients with ESBL (-) (90%). Presence of ESBL was found to be associated with inactive empirical antibiotic therapy (p<0.0001), and risk for receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy was 17 times higher in ESBL (+) compared to ESBL (-). The mean length of hospital stay after the onset of bacteraemia was longer in the cases of ESBL producers than in the cases of non-ESBL producers ( 22,5 vs. 14 days; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie, and within it we found a high prevalence of the successful high-risk clone ST258. CTX-M-15 was the main ESBL detected and we found high prevalence (80%) of TMQR among ESBL(+). Presence of ESBL significantly increases the risk of receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy. Need to maintain surveillance of susceptibility profiles and circulating clones and to take into account possible risk factors when selecting empirical antibiotic therapy.

Marcadores hematológicos y bioquímicos para el diagnóstico precoz de bacteriemiascausadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a los carbapenémicos / Haematological and biochemical markers for the early diagnosis of bacteremias caused bycarbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad a diferencia de las bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae sensibles a carbapenémicos. Los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio son importantes para determinar los esquemas terapéuticos y su pronóstico; su diagnóstico precoz resulta esencial para un manejo adecuado. OBJETIVO. Relacionar valores de marcadores sanguíneos y bioquímicos en bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 427 y muestra de 224 datos de hemocultivos positivos para Enterobacteriaceae de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el periodo mayo 2016 a julio 2018. Criterios de inclusión: i) al menos un hemocultivo positivo; ii) recuperación del aislado de CRE o CSE y iii) recolección simultanea de muestras de sangre y pruebas de laboratorio. Criterios de exclusión: i) bacteriemias polimicrobianas; ii) valores fuera de rango y iii) reportes sin valores numéricos. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 24.0. RESULTADOS. Se demostró que el recuento de leucocitos [OR 1,21 (95% IC: 1,03-1,43)], el recuento de plaquetas [OR 1,65 (95% IC: 1,37-1,98)] y el tiempo parcial de tromboplastina [OR 1,29 (95% IC: 1,04-1,60)] fueron buenas variables predictoras independientes, mediante análisis de regresión logística multivariante. CONCLUSIÓN. La trombocitopenia y el tiempo parcial de tromboplastina prolongado se asociaron con bacteremia causada por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos.

INTRODUCTION. Bacteremias caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are associated with high mortality rates in contrast to bacteremias caused by carbapenem-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical and laboratory findings are important in determining therapeutic regimens and prognosis; early diagnosis is essential for appropriate management. OBJECTIVE. To relate blood and biochemical marker values in bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 427 and sample of 224 blood culture data positive for Enterobacteriaceae from patients attended at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital in the period May 2016 to July 2018. Inclusion criteria: i) at least one positive blood culture; ii) recovery of CRE or CSE isolate and iii) simultaneous collection of blood samples and laboratory tests. Exclusion criteria: i) polymicrobial bacteremia; ii) out-of-range values and iii) reports without numerical values. Data analysis was performed using the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0. RESULTS. Leukocyte count [OR 1.21 (95% CI: 1.03-1.43)], platelet count [OR 1.65 (95% CI: 1.37- 1.98)] and partial thromboplastin time [OR 1.29 (95% CI: 1.04-1.60)] were shown to be good independent predictor variables, by multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION. Thrombocytopenia and prolonged partial thromboplastin time were associated with bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Detección fenotípica y genotípica de la producción de carbapenemasas tipo NDM-1 y KPC en enterobacterias aisladas en un laboratorio clínico en Maracay, Venezuela / Phenotypic and genotypic detection of the production of carbapenemases type NDM-1 and KPC in isolated Enterobacteriaceae in a clinical laboratory in Maracay, Venezuela

INTRODUCCIÓN: La producción de beta-lactamasas capaces de hidrolizar a los carbapenémicos es uno de los mecanismos de resistencia más preocupantes porque eliminan la última opción terapéutica frente a los microorganismos multi-resistentes. OBJETIVO: Determinar la producción de carbapenemasas tipo KPC y NDM-1, empleando métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos, en enterobacterias aisladas en un laboratorio clínico de la ciudad de Maracay, Venezuela. MÉTODOS: Se determinó la producción de carbapenemasas mediante métodos fenotípicos (según algoritmo de Malbrán) y genotípicos (amplificación de los genes blaNDM-1 y blaKPC por RPC) en enterobacterias aisladas en un laboratorio clínico durante el período marzo-agosto 2018. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 605 enterobacterias de diferentes especies, siendo Escherichia coli la cepa con mayor porcentaje de aislamiento (61,3%), seguida por Klebsiella pneumoniae (14,9%). Diez y seis enterobacterias (2,64%) fueron positivas para la producción de carbapenemasas: 13 cepas de K. pneumoniae y tres del complejo Enterobacter cloacae. La RPC demostró que 14 cepas (87,5%) contienen el gen blaNDM-1 y dos (12,5%) el gen blaKPC; se observó 100% de concordancia entre la determinación fenotípica y la RPC para ambos grupos de enzimas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados mostraron mayor incidencia de la metalo-beta-lactamasa tipo NDM-1, reconocida como una alarma epidemiológica debido a que su rápida diseminación dificulta su control, por lo que la identificación del tipo de enzima permitiría establecer estrategias de manejo y control más certeras con la finalidad de erradicar a dichos patógenos.

BACKGROUND: The production of carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases is one of the most concerning resistance mechanisms since it eliminates the last therapeutic option against multidrug resistant microorganisms. AIM: To determine the production of KPC and NDM-1 type carbapenemases, using phenotypic and genotypic methods, in isolated enterobacteria in a clinical laboratory in the city of Maracay, Venezuela. METHODS: The production of carbapenemases was determined by phenotypic (according to the Malbrán algorithm) and genotypic methods (amplification of the blaNDM-1 and blaKPC genes by PCR) in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae during the period March-August 2018. RESULTS: 605 Enterobacteriaceae of different species were identified, being Escherichia coli the strain with the highest percentage of isolation (61.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.9%). Sixteen strains (2.64%) were positive for carbapenemases production: 13 strains of K. pneumoniae and three of the Enterobacter cloacae complex. PCR showed that 14 strains (87.5%) carry the blaNDM-1 gene and two strains (12.5%) the blaKPC gene; 100% agreement was observed between phenotypic determination and PCR for both groups of enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed a higher incidence of metallo-beta-lactamase type NDM-1, which rapid dissemination and consequently difficult control has been cause of epidemiological alert. The identification of the type of enzyme would allow establishing more accurate management and control strategies in order to eradicate these pathogens.

A propósito de complicaciones infrecuentes de enfermedades comunes. Síndrome de Ekiri / About Infrequent complications of common diseases: Ekiri Syndrome

Resumen La infección por enterobacterias desencadena usualmente síntomas gastrointestinales caracterizados por vómito, diarrea y dolor abdominal, de severidad y curso variable. El compromiso extraintestinal esta descrito, inclusive sin las manifestaciones gastrointestinales clásicas lo que favorece diagnósticos y tratamientos tardíos pudiendo llegar a ser incapacitantes y letales. El síndrome de Ekiri, también denominado síndrome de encefalopatía letal tóxico, se caracteriza por una disfunción aguda del sistema nervioso central secundaria a infección por enterobacterias las cuales favorecen el desarrollo de microtrombos a nivel cerebral con inflamación mediada por el factor de necrosis tumoral α e IL- 1β y disfunción de la barrera hematoencefálica con una alta tasa de mortalidad. Dentro de nuestro conocimiento, presentamos el primer caso reportado en Colombia sobre el síndrome de Ekiri.

Abstract Gastrointestinal infection usually manifests with nausea, vomit and abdominal pain, all of them wit course and variable severity. Extrainstestinal compromise is described, even without gastrointestinal symptoms, what causes a delay on diagnosis and treatment, worsening the prognosis. Ekiri syndrome, also known as lethal toxic encephalopathy is characterized by an acute neurological dysfunction secondary to enterobacterial infection which favor thrombi development and local inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1β with blood brain barrier dysfunction and high mortality. As we know, we present the first Ekiri syndrome case reported in Colombia.

First report of the aac(6)-Ib-cr gene in Providencia stuartii isolates in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The aac(6')-Ib-cr and bla KPC genes are spreading among Enterobacteriaceae species, including Providencia stuartii, in some countries of world. METHODS: These genes were investigated in 28 P. stuartii isolates from a public hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected in 16 resistant isolates, and the bla KPC gene was seen in 14. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of these genes in P. stuartii multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates indicates that the resistance arsenal of this species is increasing, thus limiting the therapeutic options.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus) / Perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.(AU)

O periquito-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) é uma espécie de psitacídeo considerado pela IUCN como ameaçado de extinção, resultado do comércio ilegal e do desmatamento. Atualmente, essa espécie endêmica é encontrada apenas em três áreas no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência e a diversidade de Enterobacteriaceae em periquitos de peito cinza adultos selvagens e determinar sua suscetibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Amostras de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de 27 indivíduos e de suabes ambientais (suabes de arrasto) de cinco ninhos utilizados por essas aves. Vinte e sete cepas de nove espécies de Enterobacteriaceae foram isoladas a partir de suabes cloacais, sendo as cepas bacterianas mais prevalentes Hafnia alvei (22%) e Pantoea agglomerans (22%). Das amostras ambientais de ninhos foram isoladas sete linhagens de três espécies bacterianas, sendo P. agglomerans a espécie mais frequente (100%). Vinte e dois dos 27 isolados (81,4%) exibiram resistência a antibióticos, variando de um a oito dos 12 antimicrobianos comumente usados. A resistência a amoxicilina foi a mais prevalente (70,4%), seguida por azitromicina (22,2%) e ceftriaxona (18,5%). Nenhuma das cepas era resistente à gentamicina, tobramicina, ciprofloxacina ou tetraciclina. H. alvei foi a principal espécie que apresentou resistência a múltiplas drogas e que também esteve associada a um outro achado relevante desta pesquisa, que foi a detecção de um caso de resistência ao meropenem. Esses dados fornecem informações relevantes sobre a saúde desses periquitos selvagens ameaçados e permite concluir que os isolados obtidos fazem parte de um grupo de bactérias que normalmente compõe a microbiota entérica das aves, sendo a amoxicilina envolvida em elevadas taxas de resistência.(AU)

Comparación de dos métodos comerciales para la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria de meropenem en Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa tipo KPC / Comparison of two commercial methods for determination of the minimum inhibitory meropenem concentration in KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Introducción: El tratamiento de las infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa tipo KPC es complicado debido a las escasas opciones terapéuticas existentes, lo cual obliga a optimizar los esquemas terapéuticos disponibles. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia de la tarjeta AST-N272 del Sistema Vitek 2 Compact y las tiras M.I.C.ETM Evaluator con la dilución en agar para la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria del meropenem en Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa tipo KPC. Métodos: Se estudiaron 53 aislados de K. pneumoniae bla KPC positivas no clonales, provenientes de hisopados rectales recolectados en diferentes unidades hospitalarias de Guayaquil, Ecuador, entre enero a junio de 2016. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria de meropenem por dilución en agar (método de referencia), así como por el sistema Vitek 2 Compact (AST-N272) y las tiras M.I.C.ETM. Se determinó la CMI 50, CMI 90 y la concordancia esencial. Resultados: El rango de la CMI de meropenem de los aislados estudiados fue de 1 a ≥ 32 µg/mL, con una CMI50= 4 µg/mL y una CMI90= ≥ 32 µg/mL. El 86,79 por ciento (n= 46) de los aislados tuvo una CMI≤ 8 µg/mL. Se observó un 94,33 por ciento de concordancia esencial con las tiras M.I.C.ETM, mientras que la tarjeta AST-N272 mostró una concordancia esencial inferior al 50 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren posibles implicaciones en el tratataminto del paciente, pues reduce opciones terapéuticas en contextos de difícil manejo. Además, resaltan la necesidad de la confirmación de la resistencia a carbapenémicos mediante el método de Kirby Bawer en aquellos laboratorios que tienen métodos automatizados para estudios de susceptibilidad(AU)

Introduction: The treatment for KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is complicated, due to the scant therapeutic options available, which forces us to optimize the therapies at hand. Objective: Determine the agreement between the AST-N272 card of the Vitek 2 Compact system and the M.I.C.E.TM Evaluator strips, and the agar dilution method for determination of the minimum inhibitory meropenem concentration in KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: A study was conducted of 53 positive non-clonal K. pneumoniae bla KPC isolates from rectal swabs collected at several hospitals in Guayaquil, Ecuador, from January to June 2016. Minimum inhibitory meropenem concentration was determined by agar dilution (reference method), the Vitek 2 Compact system (AST-N272) and M.I.C.E.TM strips. Determination was made of MIC 50, MIC 90 and essential agreement. Results: The meropenem MIC range for the isolates studied was 1 to ≥ 32 µg/ml, with MIC50= 4 µg/ml and MIC90= ≥ 32 µg/ml. In 86.79 percent (n= 46) of the isolates MIC was ≤ 8 µg/ml. Essential agreement was 94.33 percent with the M.I.C.E.TM strips and under 50 percent with the AST-N272 card. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest potential implications for the treatment of patients, since therapeutic options are reduced in difficult management contexts. They also highlight the need for confirmation of carbapenem resistance by the Kirby-Bauer procedure in laboratories equipped with automated methods for susceptibility studies(AU)

Infección nosocomial por Cronobacter sakazakii tras cirugía de tobillo en un paciente adulto inmunocompetente / Nosocomial Cronobacter sakazakii Infection after Ankle Surgery in an Immunocompetent Adult Patient

RESUMEN Cronobacter sakazakii es una bacteria Gram negativa que pertenece a un grupo emergente de patógenos oportunistas de la familia de los Enterococos, que causa infecciones nosocomiales. Afecta típicamente a los recién nacidos de bajo peso; puede causar graves infecciones como meningitis, sepsis o enterocolitis necrotizante, potencialmente mortales, aunque la gran mayoría de las infecciones se producen en pacientes ancianos, en los que son mucho más leves. Se reporta el primer caso confirmado de infección de herida quirúrgica en España causada por C. sakazakii en un adulto inmunocompetente(AU)

ABSTRACT Cronobacter sakazakii is a Gram negative bacterium that belongs to an emerging group of opportunistic pathogens of the Enterococci family, which causes nosocomial infections. It typically affects low birth weight newborns. It can cause serious infections such as meningitis, sepsis, or life-threatening necrotizing enterocolitis, although the vast majority of infections occur in elderly patients, where they are much milder. We report the first confirmed case of surgical wound infection in Spain, caused by C. sakazakii in an immunocompetent adult(AU)

Desarrollo y validación de un modelo diagnóstico de resistencia antimicrobiana por beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido en infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad. ¿Cómo ajustar la predicción en prevalencias variables del desenlace? La utilidad de la contracción de predictores con regresión LASSO / Development and validation of a diagnostic model of antimicrobial resistance by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in community-acquired urinary tract infections. How to adjust the prediction in variable outcome prevalences? The usefulness of contracting predictors with LASSO regression

INTRODUCCIÓN: Para el caso de infección urinaria adquirida en la comunidad la identificación de enterobacterias con beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) puede optimizar las estrategias de tratamiento, control y seguimiento; sin embargo, el efecto de prevalencias variables de este patrón de resistencia ha afectado la validez externa de este tipo de modelos. OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un modelo predictor diagnóstico que ajuste el error de predicción en prevalencias variables utilizando la regresión LASSO. MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un modelo predictor diagnóstico de infección urinaria adquirida en la comunidad por enterobacterias productoras de BLEE. Se empleó un estudio de corte transversal, tanto para la construcción como para la validación. Para evaluar el efecto de la prevalencia variable del desenlace, la validación se realizó con población en la que la proporción de aislados con este mecanismo de resistencia fue menor, los participantes fueron pacientes adultos que consultaron a servicios de urgencias de dos instituciones hospitalarias de mediano nivel de complejidad de la ciudad de Medellín. Para ajustar el efecto de un medio ambiente con menor proporción de resistencia antimicrobiana, utilizamos la contracción de predictores por regresión LASSO. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 303 pacientes para la construcción del modelo, se evaluaron seis predictores y la validación se realizó en 220 pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: El modelo ajustado con regresión LASSO favoreció la validez externa del modelo en poblaciones con proporción de aislados productores de BLEE en urocultivo de pacientes ambulatorio entre 11 y 16%. Este estudio brinda criterios para un aislamiento temprano cuando los predictores están presentes en poblaciones con proporciones de resistencia en urocultivos ambulatorios cercanas a 15% y propone una metodología para ajuste de error en el diseño de modelos de predicción en resistencia antimicrobiana

BACKGROUND: In the case of community-acquired urinary tract infection, the identification of Enterobacteriaceae with extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) can optimize treatment, control and follow-up strategies, however the effect of variable prevalences of this resistance pattern has affected the external validity of this type of models. AIM: To develop a diagnostic predictive model that adjusts the prediction error in variable prevalences using the LASSO regression. METHODS: A diagnostic predictive model of community-acquired urinary tract infection by infection by ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae was designed. A cross-sectional study was used for both construction and validation. To assess the effect of the variable prevalence of the outcome, the validation was performed with a population in which the proportion of isolates with this resistance mechanism was lower, the participants were adult patients who consulted the emergency services of two medium-level hospital institutions. complexity of the city of Medellin. To adjust for the effect of an environment with a lower proportion of antimicrobial resistance, we used the contraction of predictors by LASSO regression. RESULTS: 303 patients were included for the construction of the model, six predictors were evaluated and validation was carried out in 220 patients. CONCLUSION: The adjusted model with LASSO regression favored the external validity of the model in populations with a proportion of ESBL producing isolates in urine culture of outpatients between 11 and 16%. This study provides criteria for early isolation when predictors are present in populations with proportions of resistance in ambulatory urine cultures close to 15% and proposes a methodology for the adjustment of errors in the design of prediction models for antimicrobial resistance.

Classificação dos graus de lesões de aerossaculite em perus associadas com enterobactérias / [Classification of the levels of the airsacculitis injuries in turkeys associated with Enterobacteriaceae]

Foram padronizados os graus de lesões dos sacos aéreos em perus com aerossaculite, associadas com a presença de isolados de enterobactérias nesses órgãos. Um total de 110 amostras de sacos aéreos de perus machos com aerossaculite foi coletado para o estudo. Durante o processo de abate, as amostras foram coletadas por meio de swabs e submetidas a três métodos de armazenamento (imediato, congelado ou pré-incubado após congelamento) para posterior comparação das suas eficiências de isolamento. Os gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae foram identificados pelas séries bioquímicas EPM, MILi e citrato de Simmons. O crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em 43,64% das amostras. Neste estudo, quatro padrões de lesões de aerossaculite foram identificados de acordo com as características patológicas dos sacos aéreos. Os principais gêneros de enterobactérias identificadas foram: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Kluyvera, Salmonella e Klebsiella. Foi observado que os graus padronizados como 3 e 4 apresentaram maior variedade de gêneros bacterianos. O armazenamento imediato apresentou maior porcentagem de positividade, 41,82%, no entanto o pré-incubado após congelamento se apresentou mais eficaz em relação à quantidade de colônias.(AU)

The degrees of air sac lesions in turkeys with airsacculitis were standardized, associated with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these organs. A total of 110 samples of air sacs from male turkeys with airsacculitis were collected and analyzed. During the slaughtering process, the sample collection was done using swabs and submitted to three storage methods (immediate, frozen, or pre incubated after freezing) for further comparison of their isolated efficiency. The bacterial genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified biochemical series EPM, MILi and Simmons citrate. Bacterial growth occurred in 43.64% of samples. In this study, four patterns of aerossaculitis lesions were identified according to the pathological characteristics of air sacs. The frequencies of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated identified in the samples were: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganell, Kluyvera, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Otherwise, it was observed that the levels already standardized as level three and four showed higher variety of genus. The immediate storage showed higher percentage of positivity at 41.82%, however, the pre incubated after freezing showed more efficiency in relation to the quantity of colonies.(AU)

Activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam and comparators against gram-negative bacilli: Results from the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART - Brazil; 2016-2017)

Abstract Multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) have been reported as cause of serious hospital-acquired infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam compared to other agents against GNB isolated from patients admitted to Brazilian medical centers between the years 2016 and 2017. Presence of β-lactamase encoding genes was also evaluated. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of GNB isolated from intra-abdominal (IAI), respiratory (RTI), and urinary tract infections (UTI) was performed according to ISO 227-1 guidelines and interpreted following CLSI and BrCAST/EUCAST guidelines. Qualifying Enterobacteriaceae isolates were screened for the presence of β-lactamase genes by PCR followed by DNA sequencing. Results 1748 GNB collected from UTI (45.2%), IAI (25.7%) and RTI (29.1%) were evaluated. Ceftolozane-tazobactam remained highly active (94.7%) against E. coli isolates. Among K. pneumoniae, susceptibility rates were 85.9% and 85.4% for amikacin and colistin, whereas ceftolozane-tazobactam (44.1% susceptible) and carbapenems (55.2-62.2% susceptible) showed poor activity due to bla KPC-2. Against E. cloacae amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem retained good activity (>90%). Ceftolozane-tazobactam was the most potent β-lactam agent tested against P. aeruginosa (90.9% susceptible), including ceftazidime and imipenem resistant isolates. β-lactamase encoding genes testing was carried out in 433 isolates. bla CTX-M variants were predominant in E. coli, P. mirabilis and E. cloacae. Among the K. pneumoniae molecularly tested, most carried bla KPC (68.5%), with all harboring bla KPC-2, except two isolates carrying bla KPC-3 or bla KPC-30. ESBL encoding genes, mainly CTX-M family, were frequently detected in K. pneumoniae, plasmid-mediated AmpC were rare. A variety of PDC encoding genes were detected in P. aeruginosa isolates with five isolates harboring MBL and one KPC encoding genes. Conclusion Ceftolozane-tazobactam was very active against E. coli, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa isolates and could constitute an excellent therapeutic option including for those isolates resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems but not producers of carbapenemases.